Analysing Sunnis And Shiites Split Religion Essay Essays

Analysing Sunnis And Shiites Split Religion Essay Essays Analysing Sunnis And Shiites Split Religion Essay Paper Analysing Sunnis And Shiites Split Religion Essay Paper The difference between Sunni and Shia religious orders of Islam are non to the mammoth proportions as most Western literature assume. It is true that there are minor fluctuations in the manner they take their several spiritual caputs and attribute significance to the history of the household of Muhammad s, nevertheless, cultural and political differences hold the most dissentious power over the spiritual forces. It is hence important to observe that both religious orders believe and put accent in the Five Pillars of Islam, believe in and read same Holy Quran, and moreover see each other Muslims. The five pillars that form the nucleus of their religious holiness are Testimony of religion ( Kalima ) , Prayer ( Salat ) , Almsgiving ( Zakat ) , Fasting ( Sawm ) , Pilgrimage ( Hajj ) ( Huda, 2010 ) . The split between the Sunnis and Shia can be traced back to the decease of the Prophet Muhammad, and the quandary of the replacement of Muhammad as the leader of the Muslim state. Prophet Muhammad died in the eventide of June 8, 632 A.D. ( the twelfth of Rabi al-Away ) at the age of 63. There after, the Sunni Muslims were in understanding with the base taken by most of the Prophet s comrades that the new caput should be chosen from among those deemed competent of the occupation. This is the place that was adopted and implemented. The Prophet Muhammad s close familiarity and counsellor, Abu Bark, accordingly became the first Caliph of the Islamic state. It is deserving observing that the word Sunni is an Arabic word significance one who follows the traditions of the Prophet. Contrary to the Sunni belief over the sequence, some Muslims hold the thought that leading should hold been from the Prophet s ain household, handed over to those specifically appointed by him, or amid Imams chosen by God Himself. These were the Shia Muslims. They believed that after the decease of Prophet Muhammad, leading ought to hold been passed on straight to his cousin/son-in-law, Ali. Since those historical old ages, Shia Muslims have non acknowledged the power and authorization of elective leaders. The Shia Muslims alternatively opted to acknowledge and obey the Imams they believed were chosen by the Prophet Muhammad or by God Himself. The word Shia is an Arabic word for a group or supportive party of people. It is short signifier of Shia-t-Ali, or the Party of Ali. Shias are besides referred to as followings of Ahl-al-Bayt or Peoples of the Household ( of the Prophet ) ( Huda ) . Majority of the Muslims are the Sunni Muslims at 85 % of all the Muslims allover the universe. A touchable figure of Shia Muslims are found in Iraq and Iran, with some big minority communities in Syria, Yemen, Lebanon, Bahrain etc. Having looked at the brief history of the split of the two religious orders and the grounds behind the split, it is cardinal hence, to look at the differences in spiritual belief s, leading, texts, and any other that may be. From the historical differences in political leading, some religious life facets were accordingly changed and since diverge between the two groups. However, as note hitherto, the Shia and Sunni Muslims clasp in common the cardinal articles of Islamic belief and are brethren in the Islam religion. As a affair of fact, seldom or neer at all will a Muslim identify themselves as Shia or Sunni Muslim but instead as Muslim ( Austine Cline ) . Shia Muslims believe that the Imam is of course impeccant since his authorization comes straight from God. From this, the Shia Muslims revere and adore the Imams as saints and strive to execute pilgrims journeies for Godhead intercession to their shrines and graves. Countering this is the Sunni Muslim belief that there is no foundation in Islam for a familial advantaged class or rank of spiritual leaders. They hence have no topographic point for the pilgrims journey to the saint s shrines. Sunni Muslims argue that control of the community is non familial or a birthright, but a trust that must be earned and hence can be given or taken away by the people themselves. Another difference comes in the holiness of spiritual texts. Shia Muslims have some bitterness to some of the coevalss of the Prophet Muhammad. This sprouts from their bases and workss in the historical old ages of strife about leading among the Muslim nations. It is said that Abu Bakr, Umar, Aisha, etc ( Sunnis ) narrated much about the Prophet Muhammad s life and religious brushs, pattern and journey. The Shia Muslims reject these Hadith do non take them as a footing for their spiritual patterns. This consequently informs divergency in spiritual pattern between the Sunnis and Shias. The differences concern facets of spiritual life: supplication, fasting, pilgrims journey, and so on and so forth. For case Shiites can distill the five day-to-day supplications into 3 or 4 yet Sunnis do nt, Shiites might pay their alms ( Zakat ) straight to the hapless, yet Sunnis wage to the province. Shiites besides promotes a probationary matrimony ( muttah ) for work forces going far from place whi le Sunnis do nt impute to this ( Sunnis vs. Shiites ) . The Shias place their brow onto apiece of natural stuff while praying ( clay tablet, dirt or sand from Karbala ( where Imam Hussain was martyred ) , instead than onto a supplication mat. The Sunnis nevertheless recommend that one should non bow down on a natural surface. Shias hold their custodies at their sides while praying while Sunnis on the other side their arms-right over left- and clasp their custodies, though either is acceptable. Religious Shia adult females black like the male spiritual leaders. Conventional Sunni adult females cover around the margin of the face with the hijab but merely to below their mentum such that the mentum can demo in portion while the Shia adult females will cover the margin of the face and the mentum wholly. Shias more frequently than non deduce their name from the name or rubrics of saints. They frequently draw their line of descent from to Ali and Fatimah. The three Sects of Shiites Although, through history there were several subdivisions of Shia Muslims, presently merely three are prevailing. The Ashariyyah, deeply called the Twelvers, the Ismaili and the Zaidi. Ashariyyah or Twelvers as the disciples are called believe in the 12 divinely ordained leaders, known as the Twelve Imams. These were the replacements of Prophet Muhammad and were religious and political leaders. On mean 85 % of Shia are Twelvers. Ismaili is the 2nd largest religious order of the Shia Islam after the Twelvers. They derive their name from their credence of Ismail ibn Jafar as the divinely-appointed religious replacement to Jafar as-sadiq, they differ from the Twelvers, who accept Musa al-Kizim, the younger brother of Ismail, as the proper Imam. Zaidi are followings of the Zaidi fiqh and they identify with the first four of the Twelve Imams but they accept Zayd ibn Ali as their Fifth Imam, in topographic point of his brother Muhammad al-Baqir. After Zayd ibn Ali, the Zaidi acknowledge other posterities of Hasan ibn Ali or Husayn ibn Ali to be Imams. Among the well known Zaidi Imams are Yahya ibn Zayd, Muhammad al Nafs az-Zakiyah and Ibrahim ibn Abdullah.

Back-Channel Signal Definition and Examples

Backs .In conversation, a back-channel signal is a noise, gesture, expression, or word used by a listener to indicate that he or she is paying attention to a speaker. According to H.M. Rosenfeld (1978), the most common back-channel signals are head movements, brief vocalizations, glances, and facial expressions, often in combination. Examples and Observations Fabienne: I was looking at myself in the mirror.Butch Coolidge: Uh-huh?Fabienne: I wish I had a pot.Butch Coolidge: You were lookin in the mirror and you wish you had some pot?Fabienne: A pot. A pot belly. Pot bellies are sexy.(Pulp Fiction, 1994)We .. show we are listening and do not wish to interrupt by giving back-channel signals, such as yes, uh-huh, mhm, and other very short comments. These do not constitute turns or attempts to take the floor. On the contrary, they are indications that we expect the speaker to continue.(R. Macaulay, The Social Art: Language and Its Uses. Oxford University Press, 2006)Karen Pelly: Brent might learn a little lesson if his security camera got stolen.Hank Yarbo: Yeah.Karen Pelly: By someone.Hank Yarbo: Hmm.Karen Pelly: Someone he trusts.Hank Yarbo: Yeah, I suppose.Karen Pelly: Someone he would never suspect.Hank Yarbo: Yeah.Karen Pelly: Plot the cameras motion and approach from a blind spot. You could pull it off.(Security Cam, Corner Gas, 2004) Facial Expressions and Head Movements The face plays an important role in the communication process. A smile can express happiness, be a polite greeting, or be a back-channel signal. Some facial expressions are linked to the syntax structure of the utterance: eyebrows may raise on an accent and on nonsyntactically marked questions. Gaze and head movements are also part of the communicative process. (J. Cassell, Embodied Conversational Agents. MIT Press, 2000)And here Mrs. Aleshine nodded vigorously, not being willing to interrupt this entrancing story.(Frank R. Stockton, The Casting Away of Mrs. Lecks and Mrs. Aleshine, 1892) A Group Process Turn-taking and suppressing signals are given by the current speaker; they are used to defend the right to continue speaking on the same subject or with the same level of emphasis. ​Back-channel signals are communication acts by others, such as a person agreeing or disagreeing with the speaker. The types of signal and the rate at which they are used relate to the underlying group process, particularly the group regulatory forces. Meyers and Brashers (1999) found that groups use a form of participation reward system; those who are co-operating with the group receive helping communication behaviors and those in competition are received with communication-blocking behavior. (Stephen Emmitt and Christopher Gorse, Construction Communication. Blackwell, 2003)

CAMPAIGNS AND ELECTIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CAMPAIGNS AND ELECTIONS - Essay Example Their contribution leveled off the deficit in hard money collection. The difference in soft money collection between the two parties, however, was insignificant. The Republicans hard money figures doubled the Democrats figures since 1987 to 2002. The gap narrowed in the year 2003. During the period between 2009 and 2010, democrats raised more hard money compared to Republicans. For the period between 2011 and 2012, the figures were relatively equal (Center for Responsive Politics 1). Soft money figures for Republicans were slightly higher Democrats’ figures over the years. The PACs gave to both the parties ,it is noted that at no instant the percentage contributions to the Democrats is a hundred percent, this shows that even the republicans had a share however little it was. The Democrats did better than Republicans did because the party preference expanded. Growth in party emanated from the public perception of poor job performance by the incumbent republican president. The Iraq war in addition to the federal response by the incumbent to Hurrican Katrinan also explains the reason for the low contribution

Transportation industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Transportation industry - Essay Example The groundwork for the industrialization and rapid postwar economic growth of America was laid by civil war, stimulated by state initiatives such as the transcontinental railroad. The South, devastated by war the south shared very little in the economic growth of the United States until World War II. It also brought changes to the economy and society. For instance urbanization mainly because of capitalism, immigration, rises of huge prosperous businesses through trusts, emergence of new technology (Gallagher, 2003). Farmers: Farmers suffered losses; as a result, of industrialization. Agriculture, like other industries, were becoming merchandised and commercial and, as a result, fewer farmers were needed (Gallagher, 2003). Native Americans: They were all affected by migration incentives. With the construction of Railway forth came the transformation of the west and downfall of the frontier. Eventually the Native American tribes were involuntary forced to relocate. Immigrants: Industrialization gave the sense of the idea that one nation was better than another nation. United State started laying down immigration laws; as a result, of increased immigration. Examples of immigrants were Chinese and European (Gallagher, 2003). Middle and lower class group of workers: The rise of specialized jobs came with invention and production of factory machines. This took jobs of thousands of factory workers across the country (Gallagher, 2003). Development of new products: Both the inventors and business leaders created and sold a variety of new products such as petrol engine car, record player, barbed wire, typewriter among other products (Barden, 2011). Distribution and communication: The American railway system in late 1800’s became a nationwide transportation network which made business operations for average working class more efficient (Cobb, 2004). Freedom to slaves from all over the South, they now found themselves without a system that once had

Impact Of Internet-Based E-Commerce On Manufacturing And Business Research Paper

Impact Of Internet-Based E-Commerce On Manufacturing And Business Operations - Research Paper Example Summary of: E-commerce and its impact on operations management A. Gunasekarana,*, H.B. Marrib, R.E. McGaugheyc, M.D. Nebhwanib The revolutionizing internet based commerce has been proving itself as the most promising application of information technology. Termed as the second internet revolution, e-commerce can be seen just about anywhere over the internet. One of the key manners in which e-commerce is effective is the marketing and attaining of goods over the internet. Opening of new horizons and that too globally is one of the feathers e-commerce has in its cap. It also enables the reduction of costs incurred and that of the processing time involved within processes. Thus, eventually resulting in the overall attainment of profits and generation of increased revenue. E-Commerce incorporates a number of technologies that include e-mail, EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), application of e-commerce in operations (manufacturing and services). Internet enables B2B and Business to consume r transactions. Organizations that have newly evolved find it easier to implement the standards of e-commerce as compared to those that already have old business processes running and functional. The main theme of manufacturing systems has changed from mass production to demand driven with the introduction of e-commerce. Reduction of procurement and development cycles, simplification of procedures, incorporation of men into profitable positions rather than at mere data handling positions, accessibility to world wide markets, improvement in time of response generation and also in the relationship with customers are just a few benefits that e-commerce has rendered to the world of business. Marketing horizons that... Impact of Internet/E-commerce on Operations Management E-Commerce is the use of internet and internet based technologies in all business processes. It has extensive uses and implementation details. It overrides the use all prior technologies such as Electronic Data Interchange. From the collection of raw data to each detail of the business and sales processes to even the eventual after sales services e-commerce expands its horizons over an entire organization benefiting it on the whole. Exemplary enhancement in sales leads to encouragement to increase the potential to increase the over all logistics of an organization. E-commerce addresses many problems associated with businesses that were all associated with the pre-technology era. Introduction of the internet technology has revolutionized business processes by enhancing procurement, communication, interaction within organization, production, reduction in costs, increase in efficiency and an eventual increase in sales. Increased brand awareness and customer loyalty and increase in potential profits of an organization are also termed as benefits associated with implementation of internet technologies within a business. Up to date customer feedback enables updated revolutions in business processes. Issues that need to be addressed while implementing e-commerce are security. Strengthening of this issue would in turn enhance customer reliability with businesses. Nonetheless it can be said that the key to the survival of every business in the technological world of today is its embedding e-commerce into its business processes.

The Contrasts Of The Pillowman Drama English Literature Essay

The Contrasts Of The Pillowman Drama English Literature Essay The justification for the existence of late 20th century drama being one of shocking an audience out of their complacency is quite a generalisation, bearing in mind that the two productions in question were almost a 40 years apart. The interim period certainly saw stage productions with developing themes of violence, sex, drugs and rock n roll as with the latest trend of In Yer Face theatre which are not only shocking in their content but also fly in the face of common decency and political correctness. By the end of World War II in 1945, the world had suffered many years of aggression and the violence that goes with it. The lives of everyone involved were affected. It affected the way people lived, the way people worked and even how theatre plays were written. Pinters The Homecoming (1963) and McDonaghs The Pillowman (2003) provide an arena where hostility and aggression can no longer be ignored as a social issue. Whether or not there is good reason to say that late 20th Century theatre set out to purposefully shock audiences out of their comfortable nests is debatable when one takes into account the relaxation of censorship in 1968 replaced by a form of self-censorship which gave individual playwrights the opportunity to express a more realistic and dramatic approach to everyday issues and concerns that had been festering away underneath societys complacency such as poverty, morality, family values etc. There was a progression of theatre productions rather than a rebellion against accepted standards. The content of plays may have been shocking to audiences but to some extent were not unexpected given the way the theatre productions and indeed the audiences were developing. Pre-war critics and theatre audiences had previously been used to seeing plays, which were mostly London based and provided a sense of occasion offering the upper and middle classes a chance to dress formally and sit in splendid surroundings to see and be seen. The content of plays delivered an uncomplicated message whether educational or humorous such as a Shakespearean comedy or J.M. Barries Peter Pan, the main theme being one of entertainment rather than a thought provoking spectacle and many playwrights complied with this condition. This is not to say that no contentious issues were placed in the theatrical arena, for example, George Bernard Shaw wrote a series of plays that amused and challenged his audiences with his Plays Unpleasant (1898) relating to prostitution and philandering. Shaw was an entertainer and viewed the theatre as a means to make people think and that it had a serious purpose rather than offering the audience a more radical approach to his subject matter. His plays tended to show the accepted attitude, and then demolished that attitude while showing his own solutions. Shaw used familiar forms of melodrama, romance and history with unexpected twists, he shocked his audiences but in more of a surprising way as opposed to a more emotionally disturbing, offensive or indecent approach. Eric Bentley said If you wish to attract the audiences attention, be violent; if you wish to hold it, be violent again.  [1]   This may be interpreted and approached in two ways, either physical violence or verbal violence as a means of not only shocking an audience with either the content of conversations or the stage actions but also to keep their interest in what is going to happen next. A case of more of the same if the audience responds. As a reaction to World War II Absurdist theatre evolved, depicting the absurdity of the modern human state and related to a new genre of drama that could not be interpreted in a logical way. What do I know about mans destiny? I could tell you more about radishes.  [2]  (Beckett). Absurdist theatre openly rebelled against conventional theatre. One of the most important aspects of absurd drama is its scepticism of language as a means of communication. Dr. Culik explains that the Theatre of the Absurd tries to make people aware of the possibility of going beyond everyday speech conventions and communicating more authentically  [3]  . In Pinters The Homecoming and McDonaghs The Pillowman we are faced with two different dimensions of absurdist theatre in that, both playwrights have created milieus which are difficult for audiences to come to terms with. In Pinters The Homecoming we have a setting within one room in a comfortable domestic household in which the use of crude languag e with violent undertones is at the forefront. The torrent of vulgar and repugnant language shocked audiences to the extent that it could not be rationalised. Hints of violence are demonstrated when Max tells the audience that he was once one of the toughest men in East London and that all men moved out of his way in the street. There is also the direct and brutal threat when Max says to his son Lenny Listen! Ill chop your spine off if you talk to me like that Pinter exploits claustrophobic power of everyday language in enclosed theatrical space. There is certainly a lack of harmony throughout the play based on the disjointed conversations, lack of continuity and the constant non- sensical verbiage, compounded by the unexpected, e.g. Ruth becoming a whore and Sam dropping dead etc. There is a disjunctive split between how the actors react to situations in the play and what the audience expect and perceive. Apart from the offensive language, for example, when Max refers to Ruth in a derogatory way, Weve had a smelly scrubber in my house all night. Weve had a stinking pox-ridden slut in my house all night, one of the most disconcerting elements of the Homecoming to the audience would have been the constant long pauses Pinter used; thus raising the anxiety of the audience by not knowing what was coming next. One of the most referred to of Pinters comments on his own plays was made during a lecture to students in 1962,  [4]  concerning his stage direction trademark in the adoption of the two silences, the use of what became known as the Pinter Pause, when on the one hand, no actor is speaking and secondly, when there is a torrent of non-sensical abuse which has no relevance as to what has just been said and is technically a pause in the proceedings until the return of the topic of conversation. These silences proved perturbing and uncomfortable, even edgy to some audiences. The Homecoming appears to move from naturalism to absurdism, which is profoundly unsettling. Instead of finding a situation which emphasizes the role of the environment upon the characters we are drawn into a state where the characters existence becomes irrational and meaningless. Whilst the circumstances are naturalistic the dialogue is absurd, employing disjointed, repetitious, and meaningless dialogue, purposeless and confusing situations and plots that lack realistic or logical development. This was not so much a shocking concept but more of a bewildering set of circumstances designed to be thought provoking and perplexing to an audience. McDonaghs The Pillowman on the other hand provides theatre goers with a more subtle approach to absurdist theatre with the actual setting and circumstances being absurd and not necessarily the dialogue. The horrific stories within the play with their explicitly violent subject matter helped to push the boundaries of what was acceptable to a new level and more in the form of brutalist or In Yer Face  [5]  theatre as exemplified by Sarah Kanes in Blasted (1995) which exhibits abject horror and atrocities, for example Ian being raped, having his eyes bitten out and being compelled to consume a dead baby as he starves, alone, in the dark., was shocking and seemed unreal, as Kieron Quirke of the Evening Standard said It moves beyond shock theatre to become a powerful reminder that people are capable of anything. I rate it, but I hope it never becomes heresy to dislike it.  [6]  The Daily Mail denounced the play as this disgusting feast of filth, the Sunday Telegraph spoke scathing ly against its gratuitous welter of carnage  [7]  and the Spectator called it a sordid little travesty of a play  [8]  . McDonagh, having been influenced by Pinter and indeed the film director Quentin Tarantino presents a twisted psychological horror and dark examination of a storytellers (Katurian) hold over an audience by the use of on-stage narrative to explore the power of the stories themselves to shock. The Pillowman is not just an apparent political play it is a play with the artist sacrificing his life in order to protect his art for the future. Artistic freedom was at the core of this play and the responsibility that goes with it. Set in an unknown totalitarian state, this was an opportunity for a playwright to decry the evil and unjust way that dictatorships subdued freedom of speech which we were anticipating; however McDonagh turns this presumption on its head. Katurian is actually being interrogated by a couple of comical, brutal cops not because his stories are subversive to the totalitarian regime, but because they are almost entirely about the brutal torture and murder of children. Kà Ã‚ °turià Ã‚ °ns stories read like exact plans for some recent murders of children. Katurian is questioned about the gruesome subject matter of his short stories and their similarities to a number of strange child murders that have recently occurred. Kà Ã‚ °turià Ã‚ °ns short stories are haunting and horrific eg. 101 ways to skewer à Ã‚ ° 5-yeà Ã‚ °r-old. Michael Billington, of the Guardian said in the end, you sense that McDonagh is playing with big issues to do with literatures power to outlast tyranny rather than writing from any kind of experience.  [9]  Robert Isenberg commented that The Pillowman is a test of will, suitable only for the gutsiest theatregoer  [10]  . The Pillowman is more of discomforting experience, shocking in its content but one containing wonderfully dark humour almost akin to the fairy tales of our youth with lurid and fantastical themes, the Brothers Grimm springs to mind. The Pillowman is a very unsettling and thought-provoking play, a review in the Financial Times referred to the play as A complex tale about life and art, about fact and illusion, about politics, society, cruelty and creativity.  [11]  Whether or not McDonaghs intention was to set out to shock audiences rather than provide intriguing subjects for debate is open to conjecture. Because things are the way they are, things will not stay the way they are.  [12]  (Brecht Was the raison detre of late twentieth century drama to shock audiences out of their complacency? Did Pinters The Homecoming and McDonaghs The Pillowman set out to shock audiences? Or was the relaxation of censorship in 1968 to prove the catalyst for more adventurous playwrights to buck the system and take on the more established theatrical styles? Was the avant garde approach by Pinter in 1963 just a starter for things to come? Richard Drain remarked once again the actor stands out as the main transmitter of the invigorating shock. But what must we do to make this shock effective, to help the actor transmit to the audience?  [13]  The Mail on Sunday referred to The Pillowman as an extraordinary play, Kafkaesque, Pinteresque, but more then anything absolutely McDonaghesque  [14]  It would appear that anything unusual, out of the ordinary or quirky in its theatrical content obtained a name associated with the playwright. McDonagh even parodied this in The Pillowman when one of the interrogators paraphrases one of Kà Ã‚ °turià Ã‚ °ns stories to him, to which the writer replies, Thats a good story. Thats something-esque. What kind of esque is it? I cant remember. I dont really go in for that esque sort of stuff anyway, but theres nothing wrong with the story. I believe that rather than trying to shock people out of their complacent sense of security about how the world and other people work that late 20th Century drama was more of an evolution than a revolution. As aptly put by Brian Cliff. Grotesque excess reduces shock value.  [15]   2,087 words

Communication in Gustave Flauberts Madame Bovary Essay -- Madame Bova

Communication in Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary      Ã‚  Ã‚   In Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary, the quest for the sublime and perfect expression seems to be trapped in the inability to successfully verbalize thoughts and interpret the words of others. The relationship between written words and how they are translated into dialogue and action is central in evaluating Emma's actions and fate, and ultimately challenges the reader to look at the intricacies of communication.    Flaubert's portrayal of Emma's reading habits provides the basic framework for evaluating the way she processes information. In the purest representation of Emma's readership, she "picked up a book, and then, dreaming between the lines let it drop on her knees."(43). Flaubert uses reading to establish Emma's short attention span to any thoughts outside of her own. The book falling towards the floor symbolically creates the space for her illusions-- notice Flaubert chooses the word "dreaming" instead of "reading," stressing her imaginative tendencies rather than those of a critical nature. In representing Emma's interpretation skills, her distortion of the material becomes a semi-conscious decision because she chooses to deviate from the original text, but at times her manipulation of words is more accurately described as misinterpretation. When Leon praises the entertainment value of the simplistic novels containing "noble characters, pure affections, and pictures of hap piness," she misses his further conclusion that "since these works fail to touch the heart, they miss, it seems to me, the true end of art" (59). The subtext implies that she is incapable of distinguishing differences in the quality of expressions and understandi... ...ility for the interpretation of the text.    Works Cited and Consulted Berg, William J. and Laurey K. Martin. Gustave Flaubert. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1997. Colet, Louise. Lui: A View of Him. Translated by Marilyn Gaddis Rose. Athens and London: University of Georgia Press, 1986. Flaubert, Gustave. Madame Bovary. Translated by Paul de Man. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1965. Lottman, Herbert. Flaubert. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1989. Maraini, Dacia. Searching for Emma: Gustave Flaubert and Madame Bovary. Translated by Vincent J. Bertolini. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. Nadeau, Maurice. The Greatness of Flaubert. New York: Library Press, 1972. Steegmuller, Francis. Flaubert and Madame Bovary. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1968. Troyat, Henri. Flaubert. New York: Viking, 1992.